Lithium recovery using aqueous sources

ABSTRACT

Described herein are methods of recovering lithium from dilute lithium sources. The methods include concentrating a dilute aqueous lithium source to yield an extraction feed having an extraction lithium concentration; extracting lithium from the extraction feed using direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield a lithium intermediate; concentrating a stream obtained from the lithium intermediate in a concentration stage to yield a lithium concentrate; and converting lithium in the lithium concentrate to lithium hydroxide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 63/364,142 filed May 4, 2022, which is entirelyincorporated herein by reference, and from Application Ser. No.63/374,441 filed Sep. 2, 2022, which is entirely incorporated herein byreference, and from International Application No. PCT/US2022/051500,filed Dec. 1, 2022, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

This patent application describes methods and apparatus for lithiumrecovery from aqueous sources. Specifically, effective processes forconcentrating and recovering lithium from dilute sources are described.

BACKGROUND

Lithium is a key element in energy storage. Electrical storage devices,such as batteries, supercapacitors, and other devices commonly uselithium to mediate the storage and release of chemical potential energyas electrical current. As demand for renewable, but non-transportable,energy sources such as solar and wind energy grows, demand fortechnologies to store energy generated using such sources also grows.

According to the United States Geological Survey, global reserves oflithium total 22 million tons (metric) of lithium content, with Chile,Australia, Argentina, and China accounting for about 85% of globalreserves. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January2022. According to S&P Global Market Intelligence, lithium supply isforecast to be 636 kT LCE in 2022, up from 497 kT in 2021. Globalconsumption was estimated at 64 kT in 2021, putting current lithiumsupplies in deficit. Global consumption and is expected to reach 2 MTaby 2030 for an average annual growth in demand of approximately 13.5%.Supply is currently forecast to run behind demand, and lithium pricescurrently outstrip even the most optimistic forecasts. While lithiumprices are quite volatile as the global market develops, lithium pricesare expected to remain high through 2030. The incentive for more lithiumproduction could not be clearer.

Lithium extraction from brine has become a favored method of lithiumrecovery. Heretofore, most development has been focused on brine sourceswith relatively high concentrations of lithium, but other more dilutesources are also plentiful. Effective and efficient processes forrecovering lithium from dilute sources are needed.

SUMMARY

The disclosure relates to a method of recovering lithium from a lithiumsource, comprising extracting lithium from an extraction feed usingdirect lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield a lithiumintermediate; concentrating the lithium intermediate in an impuritypreparation stage to yield an impurity stage feed; and treating theimpurity stage feed in an impurity stage to remove impurities and toform a purified lithium stream.

The disclosure also relates to a method of recovering lithium from anaqueous lithium source, comprising separating lithium using a lithiumselective electrochemical separation process; and concentrating lithiumusing a concentration process comprising counter-flow reverse osmosisoperation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic process diagram of a lithium recovery processaccording to one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a vaporizer usable during aconcentration stage of the process shown in FIG. 1

FIG. 3 is a schematic process diagram of a concentration stage of alithium recovery process according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic process diagram of a portion of a concentrationstage of a lithium recovery process according to another embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a schematic process diagram of an extraction stage accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 6A-6C are schematic process diagrams of a lithium recovery processaccording to additional embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic process diagram of a portion of a lithium recoveryprocess.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Direct extraction of lithium is commonly used in lithium recovery fromaqueous lithium sources. Some direct extraction processes employ a solidmaterial to withdraw lithium selectively from a lithium source onto orinto the withdrawal material. A recovery fluid is then contacted withthe loaded withdrawal material to remove the lithium from the withdrawalmaterial to form a lithium intermediate stream. The quantity of recoveryfluid generally determines the concentration of lithium in the lithiumintermediate stream, but unloading rate of ions from the withdrawalmaterial can provide an effective upper limit to the concentrationachievable.

In ion withdrawal, the withdrawal material is generally chosen to beselective to lithium. That may mean that many types of cations areremoved from the source, but lithium is removed more readily than othercations. Thus, the ions removed by the withdrawal material includelithium possibly along with other impurities, such as monovalent cationssodium and potassium and divalent cations calcium and magnesium. Longerrecovery processing can enhance ion removal in each cycle, but suchmeasures are subject to diminishing returns as throughput declines.Thus, recovery fluid application rate is subject to an optimum whichtrades lithium intermediate stream concentration, recovery time, anddegradation of loading capacity.

An ion withdrawal direct lithium extraction process may be an ionexchange or ion replacement process, where the withdrawal medium ispre-loaded with ions that are exchanged to the feed fluid whilewithdrawing other ions from the feed fluid. In such cases, thewithdrawal and recovery processes are both typically ion exchange or ionreplacement processes, but an ion exchange process where the recoveryfluid does not replace ions can also be used, where ions are replacedfor the withdrawal step by exposing the withdrawal medium to a thirdfluid for the purpose of preloading exchange ions.

Direct lithium extraction processes can also use a lithium selectiveelectrochemical separation process. The lithium selectiveelectrochemical separation process uses a voltage bias to drivematerials through a lithium selective membrane to separate lithium froman aqueous lithium source. The aqueous lithium source is brought intocontact with a first side of the lithium selective membrane, and anaqueous eluent material is brought into contact with a second side ofthe lithium selective membrane, opposite from the first side. Thevoltage bias is applied within the aqueous lithium source and theaqueous eluent material to form an electric field within both materialsand extending across the lithium selective membrane. The electric fieldprovides a driving force to move, or increase movement of, chargedspecies through the lithium selective membrane. The species motivated bythe electric field to move through the lithium selective membranedepends on the configuration of the lithium selective membrane. Forexample, the lithium selective membrane may selectively pass lithiumions more than other ions or the lithium selective membrane mayselective block passage of lithium ions more than other ions.

Direct lithium extraction processes that include lithium selectiveelectrochemical separation processes use lithium selective membranes.Such membranes can include, or be made of, lithium selective materialssuch as lithium aluminum germanium phosphate, lithium aluminum titaniumphosphate, lithium lanthanum titanates, or a metal organic frameworktype material such as UiO-66 with acid and amine groups. Such materialscan be configured alone in a membrane structure or can be added to asupport material, such as a resin, configured into a membrane structure.

In some cases, the direct lithium extraction process may be anadsorption process where ions are adsorbed from the aqueous lithiumstream solution onto the surface of a solid adsorbent material that isselective to lithium, such as metal oxide, metal hydroxide or suchmaterial mixed with a resin. A desorbent solution is used to recover thewithdrawn ions. In other cases, the direct lithium extraction processmay be an absorption process where ions are absorbed from the brinesolution into the bulk of a solid absorbent material that is selectiveto lithium. A desorbent solution is used in these cases, as well. Thesecases of pure sorption-desorption can require regeneration of thewithdrawal medium because unloading of ions from medium is notquantitative.

FIG. 1 is a schematic process diagram of a lithium recovery process 100,according to one embodiment. The process 100 uses an extraction stage104 that performs direct lithium extraction, as described above. Anextraction feed 105 is provided to the extraction stage 104 forwithdrawal of ions, or electrochemical separation, to produce alithium-depleted stream 107. The extraction stage 104 is most effectivewhere lithium concentration in the extraction feed 105 is at least about70 ppm, for example at least about 100. Lithium sources having higherconcentrations, for example as high as 1,000-3,000 ppm, of lithium canalso be used.

In sorption/desorption embodiment where the adsorbent material is asolid, the adsorbent material may be stationary or fluidized within thevessel, or conveyed through one or more vessels or zones for contactingwith the brine, for example in a counter-current format. In particular,the adsorbent material may be contained in a plurality of vessels inflow communication with one another and the vessels may be fluidlyconnected with a plurality of zones (ie inlets/outlets) during theextraction process. The extraction 104 may therefore take placecontinuously, for instance loading resin in a first vessel with lithiumby fluidly connecting this vessel with the brine source while unloadingresin in a second vessel by fluidly connecting the second vessel withthe eluent and washing a third vessel using a strip solution. Theextraction may be continuous counter-current adsorption desorption(CCAD). An example of a counter-current adsorption desorption that maybe used is for instance described in U.S. Pat. No. 11,365,128 fromEnergySource Minerals, which is hereby incorporated by reference as adescription of an example process.

The lithium-depleted stream 107 may be separated into a reject streamand a fresh water stream using at least a membrane separation operationhaving a semi-permeable membrane, or a thermal vaporizer such asvaporizer 200 described below. The reject stream may be returned to theenvironment (i.e. reinjected into the geological formation) and thefresh water stream may be recycled into another stream of the process100. When a membrane separation operation is deployed it may beconfigured to perform electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, counter-flowreverse osmosis, a combination of both reverse osmosis and counter-flowreverse osmosis such as described elsewhere herein. In that case, thelithium-depleted stream takes place of the lithium extract, the rejectstream takes place of the lithium concentrate and the fresh water streamcorresponds to the permeate stream.

The process 100 is configured to use dilute lithium sources. The sourcescan be salar brines, water leached from rock and clay formations and/orleaching resins, produced water from wells, mines, and geothermalinstallations, seawater, pre-treated aqueous lithium sources such asdesalinator or electrochemical process effluents, recycled lithium fromprevious industrial applications, and other sources. Some of thesesources can have very low concentrations of lithium (seawater, forexample, averages about 0.4 ppm lithium) and very high relativeconcentrations of impurity ions such as sodium. Most of the impurityions have solubility in water lower than lithium, so bringingconcentration of lithium up in these materials generally precipitatessolids, which must be managed.

The process 100 uses a feed preparation stage 102 to prepare a feed forthe extraction stage 104. The feed preparation stage 102 generallyraises lithium concentration and TDS to an effective range for theextraction stage 104. Any known way of raising concentration in anaqueous fluid may be used during feed preparation stage. For example,membrane processes, such as reverse osmosis (“RO”), nanofiltration(“NF,” sometimes also referred to as “loose” RO), and counter-flowreverse osmosis (such as CFRO® that is a counter-flow reverse osmosisproduct available from Gradient Corp. of Boston, Massachusetts, USA) canbe used to remove water from an aqueous source. As another example,thermal methods using heat pumps, hot exhaust, solar radiation, andmulti-effect evaporators can also be used. Evaporation, for exampleusing cooling towers, atomizers, sprayers, and Carrier Gas Extraction®(also available from Gradient Corp.), mechanical or forced circulationevaporators or solar concentrators, can also be used to precipitateimpurities and evaporate water. Combinations of such processes can alsobe used. In the disclosure, “concentration” is generally used for anywater removal process, ie a process raising concentration of all speciespresent in a solution equally.

Various modes of filtration can also be used in addition to theconcentration to remove unwanted larger solids from brine sources,before and/or after concentrating the aqueous source. The feedpreparation stage 102 may be configured to provide a lithiumconcentration ratio between the stream exiting the preparation stage 102and the feed entering the preparation stage 102 of at least 10, or 20.The feed preparation stage 102 may be configured to operate in differentways based on the lithium source, so that the feed preparation stage 102generally provides a lithium stream having at least about 70 ppm, forexample about 100 ppm, such as about 150-200 ppm lithium ions,predominantly countered by chloride ions, for direct extraction in theextraction stage 104, but higher concentrations of lithium could beused.

In an embodiment of the method, the feed preparation stage furthercomprises performing a purification process on the aqueous lithiumsource or the extraction feed to form a purified extraction feed. Thefeed preparation stage may include a purification process followed by aconcentration process, or a concentration process followed by apurification process or a more complex combination, such as a firstconcentration process, a purification process and then a secondconcentration process. Each of the concentration processes may be asdescribed in the disclosure, ie a membrane separation operation such asreverse osmosis, counter-flow reverse osmosis or both in combination, oran evaporation operation such as mechanical forced evaporation. Thepurification process may include one or more of the operations asdescribed in relationship with the impurity stage, later in thespecification, such as ion exchange, electrochemical process, solidsremoval, etc. In an embodiment the feed preparation stage includes afirst concentration process using reverse osmosis, a purificationprocess and a second concentration process using counter-flow reverseosmosis.

The direct extraction stage 104 generally operates as described above,either as an ion withdrawal process or an electrochemical separationprocess, or a combination thereof.

In the ion withdrawal process, the withdrawal material is typically amaterial, for instance a resin, with a composition or surfacepreparation that increases affinity for lithium ions relative to otherions. The withdrawal material is typically housed in a vessel, andmultiple vessels of withdrawal material are typically used so some resinbeds can be regenerated without stopping production. Regenerationtypically involves treatment with a hot fluid to achieve substantialremoval of all ions from the resin. Where surface treatments or exchangeions are used, the regeneration can also include re-application of thesurface treatment or exchange ions prior to placing the withdrawal bedback into service.

A recovery stream 109 is provided to the extraction stage to remove ionsfrom the withdrawal material, thus forming a lithium intermediate 111.The recovery stream 109 operates as an eluent that elutes lithium ionsfrom the withdrawal medium into the recovery stream 109. Flow rate ofthe recovery stream 109 is selected to concentrate lithium to a selectedrange, for instance of about 1,500 ppm to 3,000 ppm. Where low flow rateof the recovery stream 109 is used to achieve higher concentrations oflithium in the lithium intermediate 111, concentration of impurity ionscan also increase in the extraction stage 104. The recovery stream 109can be a water stream, which may be deionized, or a dilute brine streamhaving a low level of lithium ions, for example around 100 ppm.Selectivity for lithium ensures that impurity concentration rises lessthan lithium concentration.

Where the extraction stage 104 uses a lithium selective electrochemicalseparation process, the extraction feed 105 and the recovery stream 109are brought into contact with opposite sides of a lithium selectivemembrane, as described above, and a voltage bias is applied across themembrane to perform direct extraction of lithium ions from theextraction feed. FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a lithium selectiveelectrochemical separation cell 700, according to one embodiment. Thecell 700 has an enclosure 702 that is separated into a first volume 706and a second volume 708 by a lithium selective membrane 704 disposedwithin the enclosure 702. A lithium containing aqueous source isprovided to the first volume 706 using a first volume inlet 710. Areceiving stream is provided to the second volume 708 using a secondvolume inlet 712. A first electrode 714 is disposed to electricallycouple to a material in the first volume 706. For example, the firstelectrode 714 may be disposed within the first volume 706, as shown inFIG. 5 , or may be disposed on a wall of the first volume 306 or in arecess in fluid communication with the first volume 706. A secondelectrode 316 is disposed to electrically couple to a material in thesecond volume 708 in any of the ways described above with respect to thefirst electrode 714. A voltage bias is applied between the firstelectrode 714 and the second electrode 716 to provide an electric fieldbetween the first and second electrodes 714 and 716, within the firstand second volumes 706 and 708, and across the membrane 704. Dependingon the configuration of the membrane 704, the voltage bias mayaccelerate penetration of lithium ions through the membrane, whiletransport of other ions is either blocked or not accelerated as much aslithium ions. Alternately, the membrane 704 may be configured to blocktransport of lithium ions, so the electric field accelerates penetrationof other ions relative to lithium. Application of the electric fieldthus enhances separation of lithium from other ions in the cell 700.

The material in the first and second volumes 706 and 708 is changed bytransport of ions across the membrane 704 using the driving forceprovided by the electric field raised by the electrodes 714 and 716. Thematerial of the first volume 306 is evacuated through a first volumeoutlet 720, and the material of the second volume 308 is evacuatedthrough a second volume outlet 722. Depending on the configuration ofthe cell, the effluent from the first or second volumes 706 and 708 hasincreased lithium concentration relative to the corresponding feedmaterial.

Where a membrane that is selectively permeable to lithium is used,current within the cell 700 is limited by lithium concentration in thefirst volume 706. Concentrating lithium in the material provided to thefirst volume 706, in such cases, for example up to a concentration ofabout 1,000 ppm or more, can increase separation rate and effectiveness.Reducing concentration of ions not transported by the membrane can alsobe useful to reduce buildup of material on the retentate side of themembrane, thus reducing the frequency of cleaning or maintenanceoperations. Effluent streams from RO desalination plants can beeffectively treated using lithium selective electrochemical separationto recover lithium.

Where the cell 700 is used in the process 100, the extraction feed 105is provided to one of the inlets 710 and 712 and the recovery stream 109is provided to the other. A membrane that is selectively permeable tolithium ions is used in the cell for the process 100, such that lithiumions transport across the membrane from the extraction feed 105 to therecovery stream 109 while the extraction feed 105 is in contact with thefirst side of the membrane and the recovery stream 109 is in contactwith the second, opposite, side of the membrane while the electric fieldenhances the ion transport.

Impurities are removed at an impurity stage 108. Divalent impurities,such as calcium, and magnesium, are typically removed or reduced in theimpurity stage 108 but any other impurity, for instance, transitionmetals, could be removed or reduced at that stage. Impurity stage is astage where impurity are selectively removed or reduced, reducing theconcentration of such impurities, while lithium concentrationsubstantially remains the same. Any combination of membrane separation,ion exchange, electrostatic separation, and precipitation, any of whichcan be selective to at least one type of impurities by using componentsmade to be selectively permeable, chemically affinitive, non-permeable,or chemically non-affinitive for impurities, can be used. Some suchcomponents are described elsewhere herein. Prior to removing impurities,concentration of the impurities can be increased to a level thatoptimizes the volume of water handled by the impurity stage. For mostaqueous lithium streams, impurity removal is found to be most effectivewhere impurity concentration is higher, so the lithium intermediate 111can be treated in an impurity preparation stage 106 prior to treatmentat the impurity stage 108.

In the impurity preparation stage 106, water is first removed from someor all of the lithium intermediate 111 to form an impurity stage feed113 having elevated ion (i.e. lithium and impurity) concentration, alongwith a first removed stream 121, which may be a water stream or brinestream. In other words, the impurity preparation stage concentrates thelithium intermediate. The impurity preparation stage 106 is generallyoperated to increase concentration of one or more impurities in theimpurity stage feed to a value near the solubility limit of the one ormore impurities in the impurity stage feed for example about 90% or 95%of the solubility limit. In an embodiment, the impurity preparationstage 106 is operated to raise a target divalent impurity, such ascalcium, concentration in the impurity stage feed 113 to near thesolubility limit in the eluent, for example about 90% or 95% of thesolubility limit in the eluent. Removal of calcium, and other divalentions, is then performed in the impurity stage 108 at near-optimalconditions to maximize removal of divalent impurities.

An example of impurity stage 108 includes solids filtration (forinstance using clarification and/or filtering) for filtering theprecipitated solids obtained during the impurity preparation stage 106.The impurity stage 108 may include additional stages such selectiveremoval of residual impurities, such as capture of divalent impuritiessuch as calcium and magnesium using a ion exchange resin, precipitativemethods, or an electrochemical process with an appropriate membrane topartition impurities. An ultrafiltration membrane that rejects divalentions could also be deployed. The impurity stage may also includeadditional precipitation stage to selectively precipitate someimpurities using a chemical treatment, such as coagulation-flocculation,followed by solids removal as described above. Coagulation-flocculationmay include the addition of FeCl₃ with a base to form a floc of Fe(OH)₃used to remove suspended particles from the stream. The differenttreatments described herein as well as additional treatments forselectively removing any impurities may be implemented in any order. Theimpurity stage 108 results in a purified lithium stream 115 with highlithium concentration and very low concentration of impurities, such asdivalent impurities. The impurity preparation stage 106 is optional andthe method may include a impurity stage 108 without impurity preparationstage 106, in which case the lithium intermediate is routed to impuritystage 108.

As previously described for the preparation stage 102, any known way ofraising concentration in an aqueous fluid may be used during impuritypreparation stage 106. For example, membrane processes, such as reverseosmosis (“RO”), nanofiltration (“NF,” sometimes also referred to as“loose” RO), and counter-flow reverse osmosis (CFRO® is a counter-flowreverse osmosis product available from Gradient Corp. of Boston,Massachusetts, USA) can be used to remove water from an aqueous source.As another example, thermal methods using heat pumps, hot exhaust, solarradiation, and multi-effect evaporators can also be used. Evaporation,for example using cooling towers, atomizers, sprayers, and Carrier GasExtraction® (also available from Gradient Corp.), can also be used toprecipitate impurities and evaporate water. Combinations of suchprocesses can also be used. Various modes of filtration can also be usedto remove unwanted larger solids from lithium sources. The impuritypreparation stage 106 may be configured to provide a lithiumconcentration ratio between the stream exiting the impurity preparationstage 106 and the feed entering the impurity preparation stage 106 of atleast 10, or 20. The impurity preparation stage 106 may be configured tooperate differently with different compositions of the lithiumintermediate stream 111, to increase concentration of one or moreimpurities in the feed to the impurity stage 108 to a value near thesolubility limit of the one or more impurities, as set forth above.

The purified lithium stream 115 that exits the impurity stage 108 can berouted to a post-extraction concentration stage 110. The post-extractionconcentration stage 110 raises the concentration of lithium by a factorof about 10.

The post-extraction concentration stage 110 produces a lithiumconcentrate 117 and one or more removed streams 119 that can be waterstreams, brine streams. The water and brine streams can be recycled toparts of the process 100 where ion concentrations are lower tofacilitate processing. A portion of the lithium concentrate 117 can alsobe recycled and added to a lithium source to raise the lithiumconcentration of the lithium source and/or dilute impurities at thebrine source. In an embodiment, the lithium concentrate 117 is routed tothe conversion stage 112 that converts lithium chloride to lithiumcarbonate by adding sodium carbonate or directly to lithium hydroxide byelectrochemical reaction.

In an embodiment, monovalent impurities can remain in the purifiedlithium stream 115. In such cases, the post-extraction concentrationstage 110 also concentrates any monovalent impurities that remains inthe purified lithium stream 115. Sodium and potassium have lowersolubility limits in water than lithium, so concentrating the purifiedlithium stream 115 can precipitate sodium and potassium, which can beremoved as solids in a solids removal stage taking place betweenpost-extraction concentration 110 and conversion 112. In order words,lithium concentrate 117 is filtered and filtered lithium concentrate isrouted to lithium conversion. In an embodiment, the method may include aplurality of post-extraction concentration stages 110A, 1108 can be amulti-operation concentrator with solids removal 114A, 114B betweenstages as shown on FIG. 7 . A multi-operation concentrator withintegrated solids removal may then be used. The first post-extractionconcentration stage 110A yields a first lithium concentrate 117A and afirst brine (or low TDS) stream 119A that can be recycled elsewhere inthe process. The first lithium concentrate 117A is routed to the firstsolids removal 114A that filters the precipitated solids within thesecond lithium concentrate as a first impurity slurry 149A. The firstfiltered lithium concentrate 147A is routed to the secondpost-extraction concentration stage 1108 and is further concentrated,yielding a second lithium concentrate 1178 and a second brine (or lowTDS) stream 1198. The second lithium concentrate 1178 is routed to thethe second solids removal 1148 that filters the precipitated solidswithin the second lithium concentrate as a second impurity slurry 1498.The second filtered lithium concentrate 147A is routed to conversion112. FIG. 7 exemplifies two concentration stages followed by solidsremoval but any number of concentration stage with intermediate solidsremoval stage may be used. Each concentration operation can beconfigured to raise the concentration of lithium until monovalentimpurity solids (such as sodium) become a burden. Solids can then beremoved using any filtration process and further concentration canproceed. The aqueous lithium sources contemplated for use in the process100 can have sodium concentration several orders of magnitude higherthan lithium concentration, for example at least 100 or at least 1,000times the lithium concentration, so the post-extraction concentrationstage 110 and solids removal stage can be quite effective in removinglarge quantities of sodium with relative ease. Moreover, as lithiumconcentration increases, solubility of sodium ions declines, so eachabsolute increment of increased lithium concentration yields more sodiumprecipitation. Sodium overwhelmingly precipitates as chloride salt inthe post-extraction concentration stage 110, and solids can be removedby any suitable process including settling, centrifugation, vortexseparation, and the like in the solids removal stage. At higher lithiumconcentrations, the most extreme filtration processes may becomeuntenable due to the concentration of lithium ions, but processes suchas evaporation and seeding can be used to remove water and precipitatesodium and potassium. The solids removal stage is an optional stage.

In one embodiment, a series of membrane separations is performed duringthe post-extraction concentration stage 110 to separate the lithiumconcentrate 117 with high lithium concentration, as a non-permeatingstream, from a stream with low lithium concentration, as a permeatingstream. The non-permeating stream, in this case, will also contain mostimpurities from the purified lithium stream 115. A vaporizer mayalternatively or additionally be used to carry out both post-extractionconcentration stage 110 to further concentrate the lithium salt in thelithium concentrate 117 and solids removal stage 114. The vaporizeryields a vaporizer water stream (equivalent to low TDS stream 119),which can be recycled to parts of the process, as explained below, animpurity stream, which contains non-lithium cations such as sodium,potassium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, and the like (that isequivalent to the impurity slurry 129 of FIG. 7 ). The vaporizer alsoyields the filtered lithium concentrate 147.

The concentration stage 110 produces a lithium concentrate 117 and oneor more removed streams 119 that can be water streams, brine streams,and/or salt slurries. The water and brine streams can be recycled toparts of the process 100 where ion concentrations are lower tofacilitate processing. A portion of the lithium concentrate 117 can alsobe recycled and added to a lithium source to raise the lithiumconcentration of the lithium source and/or dilute impurities at thebrine source.

FIG. 2 is a schematic process diagram of a vaporizer 200 that can beused as, or as part of, the post-extraction concentration stage 110 andthe solids removal stage 114. The example vaporizer 200 allowsconcentration of lithium and removal of solids. The vaporizer 200includes a vaporization vessel 202 that receives the purified lithiumstream 115. Heat is applied to the purified lithium stream 115 withinthe vaporization vessel 202 to vaporize water and concentrate lithiumand other ions within the vessel 202. A heater 204 is coupled to thevessel 202 to apply heat to the fluid within the vessel 202. The heater204 is shown here schematically as an element inserted into the interiorof the vessel 202, but heat input can be accomplished in any convenientmanner.

The vessel 202 generally has a vaporization section 206 and aprecipitation section 208. Solids precipitate from the fluid as water isvaporized and solubility limits are reached. The vaporizer 200 istherefore also a precipitator of solids. Sodium precipitates aschloride, and potentially other salts due to trace amounts of otheranions. Lithium generally remains in a concentrated solution, but somelithium salts can precipitate if enough water is removed by evaporation.Sodium solids generally settle below the lithium-rich solution due todensity. The lithium solution is removed as the lithium concentrate 117,which is removed from a lower part of the vaporization section 206.Vaporized water is removed in an overhead stream 210 of the vaporizationsection 206. Heat is recovered from the vaporized water by thermallycontacting the vaporized water with the purified lithium stream 115 in aheat exchanger 212. The heated purified lithium stream 115 is providedto the vaporization section 206 of the vessel 202, optionally using avalve or orifice to flash the heated purified lithium stream 115 withinthe vaporization section 206. The vaporized water is at least partiallycondensed in the heat exchanger 212, and a portion 250 of the vaporizedwater may be added to the lithium concentrate 117 to ensure all solidsare dissolved prior to routing the lithium concentrate 117 to theconversion stage 112 of the process 100 (FIG. 1 ). The remainingvaporized water exits as the vaporizer water stream 252, which can be,or can be included in, one of the removed streams 119.

Sodium solids, mainly chloride, along with other impurities such ascalcium, potassium, magnesium, and manganese, also including any anionimpurities, also precipitate in the vaporization section 206 of thevessel 202, and due to higher density than the concentrated lithiumsolution settle into the precipitation section 208. Note that thevaporization section 206 of the vessel 202 is sized to provide residencetime for sodium precipitates to settle into the precipitation section208. A precipitate stream 214 is withdrawn from a lower portion of theprecipitation section 208 and pumped to a settling vessel 216. Thesodium solids, along with other dense impurities, settle in the settlingvessel 216 and are removed as an impurity stream 254. Separated water orbrine may be withdrawn from the settling vessel 216 and returned to thevaporization vessel 202 as a vaporization return stream 218 or recycledto any other location in the process (as explained below). Suchvaporization return stream may be, or may be another part of, theremoved stream 119. In this case, the water or brine is returned at thebottom of the precipitation section 208 to fluidize solids that maycollect at the bottom of the precipitation section 208. The water orbrine, or a portion thereof, can be returned to the vaporization vessel202 at other points, or may be routed to other uses.

FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematic process diagrams showing embodiments of aconcentration stage, for instance a post-extraction concentration stage110. In FIG. 3 , a concentration stage 300 includes two differentmembrane separation operations in series: a reverse osmosis operation502 and a counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504. In thisembodiment, the reverse osmosis operation 502 is upstream from thecounter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504. A lithium containing stream301, which can be the aqueous source, lithium intermediate 111 or thepurified lithium stream 115 (FIG. 1 ), is pressurized to a targetpressure (preferably less than or equal to 2000 psi) using a pump 501 toyield a pressurized stream 503, which is then provided to the reverseosmosis operation 502.

The reverse osmosis operation 502 is represented as including a ROcontainer 524 that has a semi-permeable membrane 526 disposed therein,which may be a lithium selective membrane. The semi-permeable membrane526 may be a reverse osmosis membrane, a nanofiltration membrane or moregenerally any type of membrane that enables water molecules to permeatewhile lithium ions mostly do not permeate. The membrane 526 separatesthe RO container 524 into a first volume 528 that receives a stream tobe concentrated, here the pressurized stream 503, and a second volume530 where permeating water molecules collect. The pressurized stream 503enters the RO container 524 via an inlet 531 to the first volume 528.The RO container 524 also has a first outlet 532 of the first volume 528through which a preconcentrated stream 534 containing a higherconcentration of lithium than the pressurized stream 503 or the lithiumcontaining stream 301 exits the RO container 524, and a second outlet536 of the second volume 530 through which a dilute stream 538, having alower concentration of lithium, that passed through the membrane (i.e. apermeate stream) exits the RO container 524.

The reverse osmosis operation 502 is represented in one stage with onecontainer but it can also be in several stages, including a plurality ofcontainers with identical or different semi-permeable membranes thereinarranged in series. In such embodiments the preconcentrated stream 534exiting a first RO container can be directed to the inlet of a second ROcontainer to further concentrate the preconcentrated stream before afinal preconcentrated stream is routed to the counter-flow reverseosmosis operation. In other such cases the permeate stream 538 can bedirected to the inlet of an additional RO to container to desalinate thepermeate stream 538. In still other embodiments, the reverse osmosisoperation 502 may include a plurality of RO containers arranged inparallel.

FIG. 4 is a schematic process diagram of a reverse osmosis operation 400that can be used as the reverse osmosis operation 502 (FIG. 3 ). Thereverse osmosis operation 400 has a first stage 601, which is a parallelstage having two RO containers 602, 604 (more than two can also be used)in parallel and a second stage 605 in series with the first stage 601and having a RO container 606 (more than one RO container in series canalso be used here) configured to receive a concentrated stream (i.e. anon-permeate stream) 603 of each RO container 602 and 604 as input. TheRO container 606 of the second stage 605 further concentrates theconcentrated streams 603 to yield the preconcentrated stream 534 (FIG. 3). The reverse osmosis operation 400 is presented as an example of a wayto arrange multiple RO containers in a reverse osmosis operation such asthe reverse osmosis operation 502. Using RO containers in series duringreverse osmosis operation 502 can reduce the number of stages of thecounter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504 as well as maximize permeaterecovery, that can be re-used into the process as explained above,therefore reducing fresh water demand. Indeed, the permeate of eachcontainer in this case may be recycled to one or more stages of theprocess, in particular as eluent of the lithium extraction stage 102.

Referring again to FIG. 3 , the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation504 uses a plurality of n units 508 ₁-508 _(n), in series, each unitcomprising a semi-permeable membrane 510 ₁-510 _(n), each of which maybe a lithium selective membrane. Each semi-permeable membrane 510 may bea reverse osmosis membrane, a nanofiltration membrane or more generallyany type of membrane that selectively enables water molecules topermeate while lithium ions mostly do not permeate. The units 508 mayall have the same type of membrane or different types of membranes. Eachmembrane 510 ₁-510 _(n) separates each respective unit 508 ₁-508 _(n)into a first volume 512 ₁-512 _(n) to receive a stream to beconcentrated, here a stream derived from the lithium containing stream301, and a second volume 514 ₁-514 _(n) to receive a permeating stream.The material that remains in the first volume 512 of each unit 508 is anon-permeating stream. Each unit comprises a first inlet 516 ₁-516 _(n)to receive the stream to be concentrated and a first outlet 518 ₁-518_(n) to exit the concentrated stream (non-permeate stream) from theunit. Each unit 508 also has a second inlet 520 ₁-520 _(n) to receivethe permeating stream of another sequential unit and a second outlet 522₁-522 _(n) to exit the permeating stream from the unit. Thus, for theunits 508 ₁-508 _(n-1), the non-permeating stream of the unit exits thefirst volume 512 of the unit and flows to the respective first volume512 of the next unit in the series.

The preconcentrated stream 534 derived from the pressurized stream 503(ultimately derived from a lithium bearing stream of the process 100,such as the lithium intermediate 111 or the purified lithium stream 115)and permeating streams of the units 508 flow in counter-currentdirections. That is, the non-permeating streams flow from unit 1 to unitn, generally through the first volumes 512, while the permeating streamsflow from unit n to unit 1, generally through the second volumes 514.The final non-permeating concentrated stream is collected at the firstoutlet 518 _(n) of the n^(th) unit 508 _(n) and forms the lithiumconcentrate 117 (when using the operation 300 as the post-extractionconcentration stage 110 of the process 100). The final permeating streamis collected at the second outlet 522 ₁ of the first unit 508 ₁ andyields a dilute brine stream 535 that may be recycled into thecounter-flow reverse osmosis operation and/or recycled to one or moreother stages of the process 100, for instance as a strip solution or asan eluent, for example with the recovery fluid 109, in the extractionstage. Under some circumstances, the final permeating stream collectedfrom the second volume of the first unit 508 ₁ may be a fresh waterstream having TDS less than about 2000 mg/l. The number of stages n maybe between 2 and 10, optionally between 3 and 6 to limit the costs whileconcentrating the stream to a target concentration. The concentrationstage may also include a plurality of the counterflow reverse osmosisoperations 504 in parallel, each handling a portion of the flow to beconcentrated.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 , the concentration stage 300 firstcomprises the reverse osmosis operation 502. The preconcentrated stream534 is directed to the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504, whilethe permeate stream 538 that has a low TDS (less than 2,000 mg/l,preferably less than 500 mg/l and preferably around 100 mg/l) can berecycled to another stream of the process 100, for instance in theextraction stage 102 as eluent, for example with the recovery fluid 109,or any other stage of the process 100 where fresh water can be used.During the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504, thepreconcentrated stream 534 passes through the n units 508 ₁-508 _(n) andthe resulting final non-permeating stream is collected at the firstoutlet 518 _(n) of the n^(th) unit 508 n. The final non-permeatingstream is depressurized, for example using a valve 540 or an orifice,and separated into a first portion that forms the lithium concentrate117 (when used in the post-extraction concentration stage 110) and asecond portion that is sent back to the units 508 ₁-508 _(n) to flowthrough the second volumes 514 thereof along with permeating material.Using a lithium concentrate portion as a permeating stream incounter-flow reverse osmosis 504 increases operation efficiency. Thedepressurization may enable energy recovery by using the pressure of thefinal non-permeating stream exiting the n^(th) first outlet 518 _(n) todrive, for example, a generator coupled with a turbine.

In each unit 508, the lithium concentration of the non-permeating streamincreases while the lithium concentration of the permeating streamdecreases. That is, the non-permeating stream exiting unit m of thecounter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504 at the respective firstoutlet 518 _(m) has higher lithium concentration that the non-permeatingstream exiting unit m-1 at first outlet 518 _(m-1). Also, the permeatingstream exiting unit m of the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504at the respective second outlet 522 _(m) has higher lithiumconcentration that the permeating stream exiting unit m-1 at secondoutlet 522 _(m-1). Said another way, lithium concentration increases, inthe operation 504, in streams flowing toward the n^(th) unit anddecreases in streams flowing toward the first unit. The dilute brinestream 535 may be recycled to the concentration stage 300 to recover anyresidual lithium in the dilute brine stream 535, or to any precedingstage of the process 100, as shown in FIG. 1 . In the concentrationstage 300, the dilute brine stream 535 can be mixed with the lithiumcontaining stream 301. In another embodiment, the concentration stage100 may include only the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504 andno reverse osmosis operation 502 depending on lithium concentration inthe lithium intermediate 111 and target concentration of the lithiumconcentrate 117. In such case, a portion or all of the dilute brinestream 535 may be recycled to another stage of the process 100.

A concentration stage including counter-flow reverse osmosis operation504, such as the concentration stage 300, enables a concentration ratiobetween the stream exiting the n^(th) unit and the stream entering thefirst unit, of 2 to 20. The concentration of the dilute brine 535 may bereduced to the point that a concentration ratio between the dilutestream entering the n^(th) unit and the dilute stream exiting the firstunit is 2 to 20. The stream entering the counter-flow reverse osmosisoperation 504, for example the preconcentrated stream 534, haspreferably a lithium concentration between 0.05% and 6% by weight,preferably between 0.5 and 3%. The lithium concentrate stream 117 at theexit of the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504 has a TDS (totaldissolved solids) over 120,000 mg/l preferably over 200,000 mg/l and alithium concentration over 2% by weight, preferably over 3.3% by weight.The dilute brine 535 at the second outlet 522 ₁ of the first unit 508 ₁of the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504 has preferably alithium concentration of less than 2% by weight, preferably less than1.5% by weight. The counter-flow reverse osmosis operation 504 resultsin increased lithium concentration in the lithium concentrate 117,compared to a more conventional method such as simple reverse osmosisoperation, by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude, allowing recovery of more than80%, preferably more than 90%, of the volume of the lithium intermediate111 as the dilute brine stream 535, when used as the post-extractionconcentration stage 110 of the process 100. The counter-flow reverseosmosis operation 504 is an example of a second membrane separationoperation that increases TDS to over 120,000 mg/l. However, a secondmembrane separation operation having different configuration and setupmay also be used to reach such concentration, using for instancedifferent equipment, or flow pattern, etc. Such operation is alsocovered by the current disclosure.

Combining a reverse osmosis operation 502 and a counter-flow reverseosmosis operation 504 limits the capital cost of the concentration stageby limiting the number of units in the counter-flow reverse osmosisoperation. Furthermore, combining the operations 502 and 504 results ina dilute stream of the reverse osmosis operation 502 that can berecycled as an eluent in the lithium extraction operation, significantlyreducing the fresh water needed in the extraction stage 104 (fresh waterbeing mainly used as the recovery fluid 109). In some cases, the dilutebrine stream 535 can be recycled into a dilute brine target feed to oneof the aqueous lithium source, the extraction feed 105, the lithiumintermediate 111, the impurity stage feed, 113, or the purified lithiumstream 115. The permeate stream 538 has a low lithium concentration andlow TDS and is an efficient eluent whereas the dilute brine stream 535may have a higher TDS that may not directly enable to elute lithiumefficiently from the withdrawal material of the extraction stage 104 insome cases, or may pose higher barrier to diffusion of lithium through amembrane in an electrochemical process. In such cases the dilute brinestream 535 can be mixed with another stream having lower TDS, can besubjected to impurity removal before being used as eluent, or canotherwise be adjusted in composition for a target stream or operation ofthe process 100 to target a lithium concentration or ratio of lithiumconcentration to impurity concentration. A lower TDS stream, such as thepermeate stream 538 can also be adjusted to target a lithiumconcentration or a ratio of lithium concentration to impurityconcentration for a target stream or operation of the process 100.

In one additional embodiment, the dilute brine stream 535 may be treatedusing a separate reverse osmosis operation independent from theconcentration stage 300 (downstream of the counter-flow reverse osmosisoperation 504). In such cases, the reverse osmosis operation 502 can beoptional. Any configuration or variation that concentrates lithium andyields fresh water (i.e. a water stream with TDS below 2,000 mg/l) thatcan be recycled elsewhere can be used as a post-extraction concentrationstage 110.

The configuration of FIGS. 3 and 4 described in relationship with thepost-extraction concentration stage 110 may be also be used to increaselithium concentration as part of the feed preparation stage 102 orimpurity removal preparation stage 106. Where such a concentrationconfiguration is used in the feed preparation stage 102, the aqueouslithium source is the inlet stream to the RO container 524 and the feedfor extraction is collected exiting the counter-flow reverse osmosisoperation 504. A permeate stream, such as the permeate stream 538obtained from the reverse osmosis operation 502, may also be recycled toother stages of the process 100 as described elsewhere in theapplication. When the feed preparation stage includes a firstconcentration process being reverse osmosis, a purification process anda second concentration process being counter-flow reverse osmosis, thefeed preparation stage may be as described in relationship with FIGS. 3& 4 , with an intermediate purification process on the preconcentratedstream to yield a purified preconcentrated stream that enters thecounter-flow reverse osmosis in the volume 512 ₁ of the first unit 508₁.

Where such configuration is used in the impurity preparation stage 106,the lithium intermediate 111 is the inlet stream to the RO container 524and the impurity stage feed 113 is collected exiting the counter-flowreverse osmosis operation 504. The first removed stream 121 thencorresponds to the permeate stream 538 obtained from the reverse osmosisoperation 502 that may also be recycled to other stages of the process100 as described elsewhere herein.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , multiple streams can be recycled in theprocess 100 to manage the concentration of lithium at each stage of theprocess 100 and to manage a ratio of lithium ions to impurity ions ateach stage of the process, so that each stage of the process 100 canoperate in an optimal range. The composition of each stream transferredfrom one unit of the process 100 to another can be targeted to improveperformance of the receiving unit. Thus, the impurity preparation stage106 and the post-extraction concentration stage 110 produce respectiveremoved streams 121 and 119, which can be recycled to the recoverystream 109. Each of the removed streams 121 and 119 can be water ordilute brine streams. The impurity stage 108 can also generate a wateror dilute brine removed stream 123, depending on the type of impurityreduction processes performed in the impurity stage 108.

Each of the removed streams 119, 121, and 123, or portions thereof, can,independently be returned to any stage of the process 100 to managecomposition profile of lithium and impurity ions across the process 100for optimal operation. All or part of any of the removed streams 119,121, and 123 can, independently, be routed to the recovery stream 109 orto a first return 135 located in the lithium intermediate 111 betweenthe extraction stage 104 and the impurity preparation stage 106. All orpart of any of the removed streams 119 and 123 can, independently, berouted to a second return located in the impurity stage feed 113 betweenthe impurity preparation stage 106 and the impurity stage 108. Theremoved stream 119, or portion thereof, can be routed back to a thirdreturn located in the lithium intermediate stream 115 between theimpurity stage 108 and the post-extraction concentration stage 110. Theremoved streams are generally recycled backward in the process 100 toavoid sending streams with higher quantities of impurities forward inthe process 100 toward the finished product end of the process 100.Recycling the removed streams 119, 121, and 123 can manage water loadingin the process 100 and minimize the need to make up water forprocessing.

Each of the intermediate streams 113, 115, and 117, or portions thereof,can also be returned to any stage of the process 100 in an impurity feedrecycle 125, a concentrator feed recycle 127, and a lithium concentraterecycle 129, respectively. All or part of any of the recycle streams125, 127, and 129 can be returned to a fourth return 133 located in theextraction feed 105 between the feed preparation stage 102 and theextraction stage 104. All or part of any of the recycle streams 125,127, and 129 can be returned to a fifth return 131 located in thelithium intermediate 111 between the extraction stage 104 and theimpurity preparation stage 106. All or part of any of the recyclestreams 127 and 129 can be returned to a sixth return 141 located in theimpurity feed stream 113 between the impurity preparation stage 106 andthe impurity stage 108. All of part of the recycle stream 129 can bereturned to a seventh return 143 located in the concentrator feed 115between the impurity stage 108 and the post-extraction concentrationstage 110.

The recycle streams 125, 127, and 129 have increasing lithiumconcentration and decreasing impurity concentration. The removed streams119, 123, and 121 are generally water or dilute brine streams. Thesevarious streams are used to tune compositions at targeted locations inthe process 100 to optimize performance of the individual units of theprocess 100. For example, where a ratio of lithium to impurities in aparticular process stream is lower or higher than optimal forperformance of the unit immediately downstream, a low- orhigh-ion-concentration stream from a downstream location of the processcan be selected to blend with the process stream to optimize thecomposition of the process stream.

The lithium concentrate 117 is routed to a conversion stage 112 toconvert lithium chloride to lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide,yielding a lithium product 145. The conversion can be performed by knownchemical, electrochemical, and hybrid processes. The lithium product 145can be a lithium hydroxide product or a lithium carbonate product. Thelithium product 145 can be a liquid solution of lithium hydroxide orlithium carbonate, a slurry of solid lithium hydroxide in a solution oflithium hydroxide, or a slurry of lithium carbonate in a solution oflithium carbonate.

FIG. 6A is a schematic process diagram illustrating a process 800according to one embodiment. The process 800 uses a concentrationprocess 802, and optionally a purification process 804, in either order(with the purification process 804 shown in phantom conjoined with theconcentration process 802 to illustrate that the processes can beperformed in either order), as the preparation stage 102, a lithiumselective electrochemical separation process 806 as the extraction stage104, and optionally any of the impurity stage 108, and/or the impuritypreparation stage 106, and/or post-extraction concentration stage 110,followed by the conversion stage 112. These various stages aresubstantially as described above, and vaporization can be used in thepost-extraction concentration stage 110. The concentration process 802can be a vaporization process, a filtration process, a membrane process,a CFRO process, a combination of a reverse osmosis and CFRO process orother suitable water-removal process as disclosed hereinabove. Thepurification process can be an ion-separation process, such as aselective membrane process or a chemical treatment, with solids removal.

FIG. 4B is a schematic process diagram illustrating a process 820according to another embodiment. The process 820 optionally usesconcentration and purification processes 802 and 804, in either order,as the optional preparation stage 102, the lithium selectiveelectrochemical separation process 806 as the extraction stage 104, aCFRO process 808 optionally in combination with a reverse osmosisprocess as the concentration stage 110, optional impurity removal stage108 and optional impurity preparation stage 106 before the CFRO process808, followed by the conversion stage 112.

FIG. 4C is a schematic process diagram illustrating a process 850according to another embodiment. The process 850 is like the process820, except that the extraction stage 104 is a withdrawal-typeextraction stage and a lithium selective electrochemical separationprocess 852 is used for the impurity stage 108, with a CFRO process 854used as the impurity preparation stage 106. The processes 4A-4Cillustrate the use of different separation processes together to recoverlithium under different circumstances.

Methods of lithium recovery that use a preparation stage 102 and anextraction stage 104 can use an impurity stage 108 with or without theimpurity preparation stage 106, and with or without the post-extractionconcentration stage 110. Thus, the lithium intermediate 111 can berouted directly to the conversion stage 112, or to the post-extractionconcentration stage 110, or to the impurity removal stage 108. Methodsdescribed herein can have a preparation stage 102 and an extractionstage 104 directly followed by an impurity removal 108 without impuritypreparation 106, where the lithium intermediate 111 is routed directlyto the impurity stage 108. Other methods described herein can have apreparation stage 102 and an extraction stage 104 directly followed by apost-extraction concentration stage 110 without an impurity preparationstage 106 or an impurity stage 108, where the lithium intermediate 111is routed directly to the post-extraction concentration stage 110).Methods described herein can also have an extraction stage 104, animpurity preparation stage 106, an impurity removal stage 108, and apost-extraction concentration stage 110 followed by a conversion stage112.

Embodiments described herein provide methods of recovering lithium froma lithium source, comprising extracting lithium from an extraction feedusing direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield alithium intermediate; performing one or more concentration operations,each concentration operation concentrating an input stream to yield anoutput feed. The input stream is obtained from the lithium intermediateand/or the extraction feed is obtained from the output feed. At leastone of the concentration operations includes a counter-flow reverseosmosis operation. The method also includes generating a low TDS streamas a permeate from any of the one or more concentration operations,wherein the low TDS stream is recycled, ie directed to any operation ofthe method, especially having a fresh water need, or used as freshwater. The low TDS stream has a TDS under 2,000 mg/l, preferably under500 mg/l.

One or more concentration operations may include a reverse osmosisoperation upstream of a counter-flow reverse osmosis operation. Thereverse osmosis separates the input stream into a preconcentrated streamand a permeate stream using a semi-permeable membrane, wherein thepermeate stream is the low TDS stream.

The counter-flow reverse osmosis operation may include flowing thepreconcentrated stream into a plurality of units in series, eachcontaining a semi-permeable membrane separating the unit into a firstvolume and a second volume. The preconcentrated stream flowssequentially as a non-permeating stream into the first volume of eachunit and a permeating stream flows sequentially into the second volumeof each unit counter-current to the non-permeating stream. Thenon-permeating stream exiting the plurality of units is a concentratedstream and the permeating stream exiting the plurality of units is adilute brine stream, which may be recycled into the reverse osmosisoperation.

The at least one concentration operation may include pressurizing theinput stream to the concentration operation, especially before acounter-flow reverse osmosis operation, and preferably at a targetpressure lower than membrane threshold pressure, in particular below2000 psi. In an embodiment, the at least one concentration operation mayinclude pressurizing the input stream before the reverse osmosisoperation and depressurizing the permeating stream before flowing itinto the second volume of the plurality of reactors.

The at least one concentration operation may include a feed preparationoperation, wherein the input stream is an aqueous lithium source and theoutput feed is used as the extraction feed 105. Such a concentrationoperation would takes place upstream of the extraction stage 104. Insome embodiments, the feed preparation operation can include removingimpurities such as divalent ions, solids, organic materials, dissolvedgases, and non-lithium monovalent ions using known filtration,precipitation, density separation, counter-flow reverse osmosis, andother known impurity removal methods separately or in combination. Suchmethods can include the methods used for the impurity removal stage 108of the process 100, and can be implemented in the feed preparation stage102 of the process 100. Thus, the feed preparation stage 102 can beconfigured to perform a purification process on the aqueous lithiumsource or on the extraction feed to yield a purified extraction feedthat can be routed to the extraction stage 104.

The at least one concentration operation may include concentrating astream derived from the lithium intermediate as the input stream toyield a lithium concentrate as the output feed. Such a concentrationoperation takes place downstream of the extraction stage, directly onthe lithium intermediate or on a stream corresponding to the lithiumintermediate that has undergone one or more additional operations. In anembodiment, the stream derived from the lithium intermediate is a firststream, and the method further comprises treating a second streamderived from the lithium intermediate in an impurity stage to removeimpurities, and forming a purified lithium stream, wherein the firststream is the purified lithium stream. In other word there might be animpurity treatment operation (ie impurity stage) between the extractionstage and the concentration stage.

In such embodiment where there is an impurity stage, the one or moreconcentration operations may further include an impurity preparationstage. In such stage, the input stream is the lithium intermediate andthe output feed is an impurity stage feed, and the second stream (ieundergoing the impurity stage) is the impurity stage feed. In anembodiment, concentrating the lithium intermediate in the impuritypreparation stage comprises increasing concentration of one or moreimpurities in the lithium intermediate to at least 90% of the solubilitylimit of the one or more impurities in the lithium intermediate

The method may further comprise converting lithium in the lithiumconcentrate to a lithium product. In particular, the lithium chloride inthe lithium concentrate may be converted to lithium carbonate and/orhydroxide.

Extracting lithium from the extraction feed using an ion withdrawalprocess includes contacting the extraction feed with a lithium selectivemedium to load the medium with lithium and contacting an eluent streamwith the lithium-loaded medium to form the lithium intermediate. The ionwithdrawal process may be a continuous counter-current adsorptiondesorption process. Any low TDS stream can be used as the eluent stream,and any low TDS stream of the process 100 can be recycled as an eluentstream or a stream targeted to adjust the composition of any stream inthe process 100 such as the aqueous lithium source, the extraction feed105, the lithium intermediate 111, the impurity stage feed 113, or thepurified lithium stream 115. Alternatively or additionally, contactingthe extraction feed with the lithium selective medium yields a lithiumdepleted brine stream. The lithium depleted brine stream after havingcontacting the lithium selective medium, and using at least a membraneseparation operation or thermal vaporizer to yield a reject stream and afresh water stream, wherein the fresh water stream is recycled, iedirected to any operation of the method, especially having a fresh waterneed. The reject stream may be returned to the environment, iereinjected in the geological formation.

The disclosure also relates to a method of recovering lithium from alithium source, comprising extracting lithium from an extraction feedusing direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield alithium intermediate; performing one or more concentration operations,each concentration operation concentrating an input stream to yield anoutput feed, wherein the input stream is obtained from the lithiumintermediate and/or the extraction feed is obtained from the outputfeed. The at least one concentration operations includes concentrating anon-permeating stream derived from the input stream to form the outputfeed using at least a membrane separation operation. The membraneseparation operation include flowing the non-permeating stream in aplurality of reactors in series, wherein each reactor contains asemi-permeable membrane separating the reactor into a first and a secondvolumes, wherein the non-permeating stream flows into the first volumeof the plurality of reactors. It also includes collecting thenon-permeating stream at the outlet of the plurality of the reactors. Afirst portion of the non-permeating stream forms the output feed and asecond portion of the non-permeating stream is recycled into themembrane separation operation as a permeating stream. It furtherincludes flowing the permeating stream into a second volume of theplurality of reactors counter-current to the non-permeating stream.

In an embodiment, the membrane separation operation is a first membraneseparation operation, and the at least one concentration operationincludes a second membrane separation operation to concentrate the inletstream upstream from the first membrane separation operation. The secondmembrane separation operation includes separating the inlet stream intoa preconcentrated stream and a permeate stream using at least asemi-permeable membrane. The preconcentrated stream is thenon-permeating stream of the first membrane separation operation.

The method may also include collecting the permeating stream at theoutlet of the plurality of the reactors. The collected permeating streamforms a dilute brine stream.

The at least one concentration operation may also include pressurizingthe non-permeating stream, especially before flowing it into the firstvolume of the plurality of reactors, preferably at a target pressurelower than membrane threshold pressure, in particular below 2000 psi,and depressurizing the permeating stream before flowing it into thesecond volume of the plurality of reactors.

The at least one concentration operation may also include a feedpreparation operation that concentrates the aqueous lithium source toyield the extraction feed.

The at least one concentration operation may include concentrating astream derived from the lithium intermediate as the input stream toyield a lithium concentrate as the output feed. Such a concentrationoperation takes place downstream of the extraction stage, directly onthe lithium intermediate or on a stream corresponding to the lithiumintermediate that has undergone one or more additional operations. In anembodiment, the stream derived from the lithium intermediate is a firststream, and the method further comprises treating a second streamderived from the lithium intermediate in an impurity stage to removeimpurities, and forming a purified lithium stream, wherein the firststream is the purified lithium stream. In other word there might be animpurity treatment operation (ie impurity stage) between the extractionstage and the concentration stage.

In such embodiment where there is an impurity stage, the one or moreconcentration operations may further include an impurity preparationstage. In such stage, the input stream is the lithium intermediate andthe output feed is an impurity stage feed, and the second stream (ieundergoing the impurity stage) is the impurity stage feed. In anembodiment, concentrating the lithium intermediate in the impuritypreparation stage comprises increasing concentration of one or moreimpurities in the lithium intermediate to at least 90% of the solubilitylimit of the one or more impurities in the lithium intermediate

The method may further comprise converting lithium in the lithiumconcentrate to a lithium product. In particular, the lithium chloride inthe lithium concentrate is converted to lithium carbonate and/orhydroxide.

At least a portion of the low TDS stream is recycled into a permeatetarget feed, and the permeate target feed may be used in any stage ofthe method, and may for instance correspond to one of the aqueouslithium source, extraction feed, lithium intermediate, impurity stagefeed or purified lithium stream.

At least a portion of the dilute brine stream is recycled into a dilutebrine target feed, and the dilute brine target feed is one one of theaqueous lithium source, extraction feed, lithium intermediate, impuritystage feed or purified lithium stream.

In an embodiment, the at least one portion of the low TDS streamrecycled into the permeate target feed and/or the at least one portionof the dilute brine stream recycled into the dilute brine target feed isadjusted to manage the concentration of lithium or to manage a ratio oflithium ions to impurity ions into the permeate, respectively dilutebrine, target feed.

Extracting lithium from the extraction feed includes contacting theextraction feed with a lithium selective medium to load the medium withlithium and contacting an eluent stream with the lithium-loaded mediumto form the lithium intermediate. A low TDS stream may then be recycledinto the eluent stream. Alternatively or additionally, the brine sourcestream yields a lithium depleted brine stream after having contactingthe lithium selective medium, and using at least a membrane separationoperation or thermal vaporizer to yield a reject stream and a freshwater stream, wherein the fresh water stream is recycled, ie directed toany operation of the method, especially having a fresh water need. Thereject stream may be returned to the environment, ie reinjected in thegeological formation.

The disclosure also relates to a method of recovering lithium from alithium source. The method comprises extracting lithium from anextraction feed using direct lithium extraction in an extraction stageto yield a lithium intermediate; and performing one or moreconcentration operations, each concentration operation concentrating aninput stream to yield an output feed, wherein the input stream isobtained from the lithium intermediate and/or the extraction feed isobtained from the output feed. The at least one concentration operationsincludes a first membrane separation operation, having a firstsemi-permeable membrane, yielding from the input stream apreconcentrated stream and a permeate stream, and a second membraneseparation operation. The preconcentrated stream flows into a pluralityof reactors in series, each containing a semi-permeable membraneseparating the reactor into a first volume and a second volume, and thepreconcentrated stream flows sequentially as a non-permeating streaminto the first volume of each reactor. The non-permeating stream exitingthe plurality of reactors yields the output stream. The second membraneoperation yields a dilute brine stream that exits the second volume ofat least one of the reactors, wherein the dilute brine stream isrecycled into the first membrane separation operation.

The at least one concentration operation may include concentrating astream derived from the lithium intermediate as the input stream toyield a lithium concentrate as the output feed. Such a concentrationoperation takes place downstream of the extraction stage, directly onthe lithium intermediate or on a stream corresponding to the lithiumintermediate that has undergone one or more additional operations. In anembodiment, the stream derived from the lithium intermediate is a firststream, and the method further comprises treating a second streamderived from the lithium intermediate in an impurity stage to removeimpurities, and forming a purified lithium stream, wherein the firststream is the purified lithium stream. In other word there might be animpurity treatment operation (ie impurity stage) between the extractionstage and the concentration stage.

In such embodiment where there is an impurity stage, the one or moreconcentration operations may further include an impurity preparationstage. In such stage, the input stream is the lithium intermediate andthe output feed is an an impurity stage feed, and the second stream (ieundergoing the impurity stage) is the impurity stage feed. In anembodiment, concentrating the lithium intermediate in the impuritypreparation stage comprises increasing concentration of one or moreimpurities in the lithium intermediate to at least 90% of the solubilitylimit of the one or more impurities in the lithium intermediate

The disclosure also relates to a method of recovering lithium from abrine source. The method comprises extracting lithium from an extractionfeed using direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield alithium intermediate; and performing one or more concentrationoperations, each concentration operation concentrating an input streamto yield an output feed, wherein the input stream is obtained from thelithium intermediate and/or the extraction feed is obtained from theoutput feed. The at least one concentration operations may include afirst membrane separation operation, having a first semi-permeablemembrane, yielding from the input stream a preconcentrated stream and apermeate stream, and concentrating the preconcentrated stream using asecond membrane separation operation, wherein the second membraneoperation includes a plurality of reactors in series each having asemi-permeable membrane to yield the output stream, wherein the secondmembrane separation operation is configured so that the lithiumconcentrate has a TDS over 120,000 mg/l, preferably over 200,000 mg/l.

In an embodiment, in the second membrane operation, each semi-permeablemembrane separate the associated reactor into a first volume and asecond volume, wherein the preconcentrated stream flows sequentially asa non-permeating stream into the first volume of each reactor, andwherein the second membrane operation yields a dilute brine stream thatexits the second volume of at least one of the reactors, wherein thedilute brine stream is recycled into the first membrane separationoperation.

The second membrane separation operation may include a permeating streamthat flows sequentially into the second volume of the plurality ofreactors, counter-current to the permeating stream, wherein at least aportion of the non-permeating stream is recycled into the permeatingstream, wherein the permeating stream yields the dilute brine stream.

The at least one concentration operation may include concentrating astream derived from the lithium intermediate as the input stream toyield a lithium concentrate as the output feed. Such a concentrationoperation takes place downstream of the extraction stage, directly onthe lithium intermediate or on a stream corresponding to the lithiumintermediate that has undergone one or more additional operations. In anembodiment, the stream derived from the lithium intermediate is a firststream, and the method further comprises treating a second streamderived from the lithium intermediate in an impurity stage to removeimpurities, and forming a purified lithium stream, wherein the firststream is the purified lithium stream. In other word there might be animpurity treatment operation (ie impurity stage) between the extractionstage and the concentration stage.

In such embodiment where there is an impurity stage, the one or moreconcentration operations may further include an impurity preparationstage. In such stage, the input stream is the lithium intermediate andthe output feed is an an impurity stage feed, and the second stream (ieundergoing the impurity stage) is the impurity stage feed. In anembodiment, concentrating the lithium intermediate in the impuritypreparation stage comprises increasing concentration of one or moreimpurities in the lithium intermediate to at least 90% of the solubilitylimit of the one or more impurities in the lithium intermediate

At least a portion of the permeate stream may be recycled into is apermeate target feed. The permeate target feed may be used in any stageof the method and for instance may be one of the aqueous lithium source,extraction feed, lithium intermediate, impurity stage feed or purifiedlithium stream.

The disclosure also relates to a method of recovering lithium from abrine source, comprising extracting lithium from an extraction feedusing direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield alithium intermediate. The method also includes performing one or moreconcentration operations, each concentration operation concentrating aninput stream to yield an output feed, wherein the input stream isobtained from the lithium intermediate and/or the extraction feed isobtained from the output feed. The at least one concentration operationsincludes at least a membrane separation operation, wherein at least onethe membrane separation operation includes a plurality of reactors inseries each having a semi-permeable membrane, yields a lithiumconcentrate and a dilute brine stream, and is configured so that thelithium concentrate has a TDS over 120,000 mg/l, preferably over 200,000mg/l. The method also includes separating the dilute brine stream usinga semi-permeable membrane into two streams including a permeate stream,wherein the permeate stream has a TDS under 2,000 mg/l, preferably under500 mg/l, and recycling the permeate stream, ie directing it to anyoperation of the method, especially having a fresh water need.

In an embodiment, the one or more concentration operations include afirst membrane separation operation yielding a preconcentrated streamand a diluted stream from the input stream, a second membrane operation,wherein the at least one membrane separation is the second membraneoperation. The method also includes providing the dilute brine streaminto the first membrane separation operation, wherein the diluted streamis the permeate stream.

In an embodiment, in the second membrane separation operation, eachsemi-permeable membrane separate the associated reactor into a firstvolume and a second volume, wherein a stream derived from the inputstream flows sequentially as a non-permeating stream into the firstvolume of each reactor, and wherein the dilute brine stream that exitsthe second volume of at least one of the reactors, wherein the dilutebrine stream is recycled into the first membrane separation operation.The second membrane separation operation may also have a permeatingstream that flows sequentially into the second volume of the pluralityof reactors, counter-current to the permeating stream, wherein at leasta portion of the non-permeating stream is recycled into the permeatingstream, wherein the permeating stream yields the dilute brine stream.

The at least one concentration operation may include concentrating astream derived from the lithium intermediate to yield a lithiumconcentrate. Such a concentration operation takes place downstream ofthe extraction stage, directly on the lithium intermediate or on astream corresponding to the lithium intermediate that has undergone oneor more additional operations. In an embodiment, the stream derived fromthe lithium intermediate is a first stream, and the method furthercomprises treating a second stream derived from the lithium intermediatein an impurity stage to remove impurities, and forming a purifiedlithium stream, wherein the first stream is the purified lithium stream.In other word there might be an impurity treatment operation (ieimpurity stage) between the extraction stage and the concentrationstage.

In such embodiment where there is an impurity stage, the one or moreconcentration operations may further include an impurity preparationstage. In such stage, the input stream is the lithium intermediate andthe output feed is an an impurity stage feed, and the second stream (ieundergoing the impurity stage) is the impurity stage feed. In anembodiment, concentrating the lithium intermediate in the impuritypreparation stage comprises increasing concentration of one or moreimpurities in the lithium intermediate to at least 90% of the solubilitylimit of the one or more impurities in the lithium intermediate

At least a portion of the permeate stream may recycled into theextraction stage.

The disclosure also relates to a method of recovering lithium from alithium source, comprising extracting lithium from an extraction feedusing direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield alithium intermediate, concentrating the lithium intermediate or aderivative thereof in an impurity preparation stage to yield an impuritystage feed; and treating the impurity stage feed or a derivative thereofin an impurity stage to remove impurities and to form a purified lithiumstream. Concentrating the lithium intermediate or a derivative thereofmay be performed using at least a membrane separation operation orevaporation (for instance enhanced or mechanical evaporation). Theimpurity preparation stage is preferably configured so that the impuritystage feed has a TDS (total dissolved solids) over 120,000 mg/lpreferably over 200,000 mg/l.

The impurity preparation stage may comprise a counter-flow reverseosmosis process to concentrate the lithium intermediate. In such case,the impurity preparation stage may include using a first concentrationprocess to yield the impurity stage feed and a first low TDS stream,wherein the first concentration process includes counter-flow reverseosmosis. The first concentration process may further comprise a reverseosmosis operation that yields a preconcentrated stream and the low TDSstream, and routing the preconcentrated stream or a derivative thereofto the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation.

In an embodiment, the counter-flow reverse osmosis process comprisesflowing a stream to be concentrated into a plurality of units in series,each unit having a semi-permeable membrane defining a first volume wherenon-permeating material collects and a second volume where permeatingmaterial collects, wherein material from the first volume of a firstunit is routed to the first volume of a second unit in series with thefirst unit, and material from the second volume of the first unit isrouted to a third unit in series with the first unit in a counter-flowdirection with the material from the first volume. In a particularembodiment, a concentrated stream is recovered from the first volume ofa last unit in series of the plurality of units and a dilute stream isrecovered from the second volume of a first unit in series of theplurality of units.

In an embodiment, the low TDS stream may be recycled in the extractionstage.

The reverse osmosis operation may comprise a parallel stage followed bya series stage. The reverse osmosis operation may comprise a first stageand a second sage to receive an output of the first stage, wherein thefirst stage comprises tow or more reverse osmosis units in parallel andthe second stage comprises one or more reverse osmosis units in series.

Additionally or alternatively, the impurity preparation stage comprisesan evaporator to concentrate the lithium intermediate, such as enhancedor mechanical evaporators.

The method may further comprise concentrating and/or purifying anaqueous lithium source in a feed preparation stage to yield theextraction feed having a selected lithium concentration. Concentratingthe aqueous source may be performed using an evaporation process, and/orany membrane separation process such as a counter-flow reverse osmosis,and/or the first concentration process including all features describedabove in relationship with the impurity preparation stage. The feedpreparation stage is preferably configured so that the extraction feedhas a TDS (total dissolved solids) over 120,000 mg/l preferably over200,000 mg/l. In an embodiment, the feed preparation stage comprisesperforming a purification process on the aqueous lithium source or theextraction feed to form a purified extraction feed, wherein extractinglithium from the extraction feed, or a derivative thereof, comprisesextracting lithium from the purified extraction feed. In an embodiment,the feed preparation stage comprises concentrating the aqueous lithiumsource (such as the natural brine) to yield a preconcentrated extractionfeed in a first concentration process, performing the purificationprocess on the preconcentrated extraction feed to yield a purifiedpreconcentrated extraction feed, and further concentrating the purifiedpreconcentrated extraction feed using a second concentration process toyield the extraction feed. In this embodiment, the first and secondconcentration process may be any of the process described hereinabove,such as any membrane separation operation or evaporation operation. In aparticular embodiment, the first concentration process is a reverseosmosis process and the second concentration process is a counter-flowreverse osmosis process.

The method may also further comprise concentrating the purified lithiumstream or a derivative thereof in a (post-extraction) concentrationstage to yield a lithium concentrate. Any membrane separation (includingcounter-flow reverse osmosis, reverse osmosis or a combination thereofas described in relationship with feed preparation stage) may be used.Enhanced or mechanical evaporators may be used as well. Thepost-extraction concentration stage may be configured so that thelithium concentrate has a TDS (total dissolved solids) over 120,000 mg/lpreferably over 200,000 mg/l. Concentrating the purified lithium streammay for instance be performed using counter-flow reverse osmosis, and/orthe first concentration process including all features described abovein relationship with the impurity preparation stage. In an embodiment,the purified lithium stream contains residual impurities, andconcentrating the purified lithium stream in the concentration stagecomprises increasing concentration of one or more impurities in thepurified lithium stream to the solubility limit of the one or moreimpurities in the purified lithium stream, so that the impuritiesprecipitate. The method may further comprise removing solids from thelithium concentrate to yield a purified lithium concentrate. Increasingconcentration and removing solids may be performed using one or more ofa vaporizer, one or more membranes, thermal methods and evaporators.

In an embodiment, the method includes a first (post-extraction)concentration stage yielding a first lithium concentrate, a first solidsremoval stage removing solids from the first lithium concentrate or aderivative thereof to yield a first filtered lithium concentrate, asecond (post-extraction) concentration stage concentrating the firstfiltered lithium concentrate or a derivative thereof to yield a secondlithium concentrate and a solids removal stage removing solids from thesecond lithium concentrate or a derivative thereof to yield a secondfiltered lithium concentrate. The second filtered lithium concentrate ora stream derived thereof may be routed to conversion stage.

The method may further comprise converting lithium in the purifiedlithium stream, lithium concentrate, the purified lithium concentrate ora derivative thereof to a lithium product.

In an embodiment, concentrating the lithium intermediate or a derivativethereof in the impurity preparation stage comprises increasingconcentration of one or more impurities to at least 90% of thesolubility limit of the one or more impurities in the lithiumintermediate or the derivative thereof.

The impurity stage may include one or more of the following operations:impurity precipitation, solids removal and divalent impurity selectiveremoval. The impurity precipitation may comprisecoagulation-flocculation. The divalent impurity selective removal maycomprise an selective electrochemical separation process, that mayinclude an impurity selective membrane, and/or a divalent impuritycapture using ion exchange resin. In an embodiment, the impurity stageincludes routing the stream derived from the lithium intermediate (ielithium intermediate or a derivative thereof) in an impurityprecipitation operation via coagulation-flocculation to yield aprecipitate stream, routing the precipitate stream or a derivativethereof to solids removal to yield a filtered precipitate stream and aprecipitate and routing the filtered precipitate stream or a derivativethereof to the divalent impurity selective removal to yield the purifiedstream. In another embodiment, the impurity stage includes solidsremoval only to remove impurities precipitated in the impuritypreparation stage. Other embodiments including one or more instance ofone or more of the impurity precipitation, solids removal and divalentimpurity selective removal in either order are also part of the currentdisclosure.

The method may further comprise obtaining one or more removed streams inat least one of the impurity preparation stage, impurity stage orconcentration, and recycling the one or more removed streams into one ofthe aqueous lithium source, extraction feed, lithium intermediate,impurity stage feed or purified lithium stream to manage theconcentration of lithium or to manage a ratio of lithium ions toimpurity ions.

In an embodiment, the direct lithium extraction includes withdrawinglithium ions from the extraction feed to a withdrawal medium andrecovering lithium ions from the withdrawal medium using a recoveryfluid. The direct lithium extraction may for instance includecounter-current adsorption desorption. The direct lithium extraction mayfor instance use a lithium aluminum intercalate (LAI) as a sorbent.

Alternatively or additionally, the direct lithium extraction includes alithium selective electrochemical separation process.

In an embodiment, the aqueous lithium source is an effluent of adesalination process or a electrochemical process, or a stream that hasbeen passed through solids to extract lithium therefrom, such as aleachate from hard rock, clays or recycled batteries. The aqueouslithium source may be brine or seawater as well.

In an embodiment, the aqueous lithium source has a lithium concentrationless than about 100 ppm, optionally less than 70 ppm, optionally lessthan 1 ppm.

In an embodiment, the aqueous lithium source has a total dissolvedsolids at least 1,000, optionally 10,000 times higher than the lithiumconcentration of said aqueous source.

The disclosure also relates to a method of recovering lithium from anaqueous lithium source, comprising separating lithium using a lithiumselective electrochemical separation process; and concentrating lithiumusing a concentration process comprising counter-flow reverse osmosisoperation. The concentration process is configured so that the lithiumconcentrate has a TDS over 120,000 mg/l, preferably over 200,000 mg/l.

In an embodiment, the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation receives aneffluent of the lithium selective electrochemical separation process ora derivative thereof. Additionally or alternatively, the method includesconcentrating the aqueous lithium source using the concentration processto obtain an extraction feed, wherein the lithium selectiveelectrochemical separation process receives the extraction feed or aderivative thereof.

In an embodiment, the counter-flow reverse osmosis process comprisesflowing a stream to be concentrated into a plurality of units in series,each unit having a semi-permeable membrane defining a first volume wherenon-permeating material collects and a second volume where permeatingmaterial collects, wherein material from the first volume of a firstunit is routed to the first volume of a second unit in series with thefirst unit, and material from the second volume of the first unit isrouted to a third unit in series with the first unit in a counter-flowdirection with the material from the first volume

The method may further comprise, prior to concentrating lithium using acounter-flow reverse osmosis process, forming a preconcentrated lithiumstream and a low TDS stream using a reverse osmosis process, routing thepreconcentrated lithium stream to the counter-flow reverse osmosisoperation. In a embodiment, the low TDS stream is recycled elsewhere inthe process, optionally to the lithium selective electrochemicalseparation process.

More generally any features of the concentration process includingcounter-flow reverse osmosis as described in relationship with othermethods and/or any additional operations (ie impurity stage, impuritypreparation stage, feed preparation, etc.) may be applied as part of thecurrent method.

In the above, when reading “a first stream derived from a secondstream”, “a first stream obtained from a second stream” or ‘a firststream derivative of a second stream’ shall be interpreted either as thefirst stream being the second stream or resulting from one or moreoperations performed on the second stream to change its properties suchas its composition.

While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention,other and further embodiments of the present disclosure may be devisedwithout departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof isdetermined by the claims that follow.

We claim:
 1. A method of recovering lithium from a lithium source,comprising: extracting lithium from an extraction feed using directlithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield a lithiumintermediate; concentrating the lithium intermediate or a derivativethereof in an impurity preparation stage to yield an impurity stagefeed; and treating the impurity stage feed or a derivative thereof in animpurity stage to remove impurities and to form a purified lithiumstream.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the impurity preparation stagecomprises a counter-flow reverse osmosis process to concentrate thelithium intermediate.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the impuritypreparation stage includes using a first concentration process to yieldthe impurity stage feed and a first low TDS stream, wherein the firstconcentration process includes counter-flow reverse osmosis.
 4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the first concentration process furthercomprises a reverse osmosis operation that yields a preconcentratedstream and the low TDS stream, and routing the preconcentrated stream tothe counter-flow reverse osmosis operation.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the impurity preparation stage comprises an evaporator toconcentrate the lithium intermediate.
 6. The method of claim 1,including concentrating and/or purifying an aqueous lithium source toyield the extraction feed having a selected lithium concentration. 7.The method of claim 1, further comprising concentrating the purifiedlithium stream or a derivative thereof in a concentration stage to yielda lithium concentrate.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the purifiedlithium stream contains residual impurities, and concentrating thepurified lithium stream in the concentration stage comprises increasingconcentration of one or more impurities in the purified lithium streamto the solubility limit of the one or more impurities in the purifiedlithium stream, so that the impurities precipitate, and wherein themethod further comprises removing solids from the lithium concentrate toyield a purified lithium concentrate.
 9. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising converting lithium in the purified lithium stream, lithiumconcentrate, the purified lithium concentrate or a derivative thereof toa lithium product.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein concentrating thelithium intermediate or a derivative thereof in the impurity preparationstage comprises increasing concentration of one or more impurities to atleast 90% of the solubility limit of the one or more impurities in thelithium intermediate or the derivative thereof.
 11. The method of claim1, further comprising obtaining one or more removed streams in at leastone of the impurity preparation stage, impurity stage or concentration,and recycling the one or more removed streams into one of the aqueouslithium source, extraction feed, lithium intermediate, impurity stagefeed or purified lithium stream to manage the concentration of lithiumor to manage a ratio of lithium ions to impurity ions.
 12. The method ofclaim 1, wherein direct lithium extraction includes withdrawing lithiumions from the extraction feed to a withdrawal medium and recoveringlithium ions from the withdrawal medium using a recovery fluid.
 13. Themethod of claim 1, wherein direct lithium extraction includes a lithiumselective electrochemical separation process.
 14. A method of recoveringlithium from an aqueous lithium source, comprising: separating lithiumusing a lithium selective electrochemical separation process; andconcentrating lithium using a concentration process comprisingcounter-flow reverse osmosis operation.
 15. The method of claim 14,wherein the counter-flow reverse osmosis operation receives an effluentof the lithium selective electrochemical separation process or aderivative thereof.
 16. The method of claim 14, including concentratingthe aqueous lithium source using the concentration process to obtain anextraction feed, wherein the lithium selective electrochemicalseparation process receives the extraction feed or a derivative thereof.17. The method of claim 14, wherein the counter-flow reverse osmosisprocess comprises flowing a stream to be concentrated into a pluralityof units in series, each unit having a semi-permeable membrane defininga first volume where non-permeating material collects and a secondvolume where permeating material collects, wherein material from thefirst volume of a first unit is routed to the first volume of a secondunit in series with the first unit, and material from the second volumeof the first unit is routed to a third unit in series with the firstunit in a counter-flow direction with the material from the firstvolume.
 18. The method of claim 14, further comprising, prior toconcentrating lithium using a counter-flow reverse osmosis process,forming a preconcentrated lithium stream and a low TDS stream using areverse osmosis process, routing the preconcentrated lithium stream tothe counter-flow reverse osmosis operation, and recycling the low TDSstream.
 19. The method of claim 18, including recycling the low TDSstream to the lithium selective electrochemical separation process.